Indonesia

Indonesia

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**Basic Information-** Indonesia is an archipelago country, located off the coast of mainland Southeast Asia.
 * Locatation**- southeastern Asia, between the indian ocean and the Pacific ocean.
 * Area**- 1,904,569 sq km.
 * Climate**- Indonesia has a hot, tropical, humid, climate.
 * Terrain**- It is mostly coastal lowlands and the larger islands have interior mountains.
 * Population**- 240,271,522
 * Government type**- Republic
 * Capital**- Jakarta
 * Leader**- President Susilo Bambang
 * Natural Resources**- petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
 * Natural Hazards**- occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires
 * Ethnic groups**- Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9%
 * Religions**- Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4%
 * Languages**- Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)


 * The History Of Indonesia Imperialism-**

[[image:800px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_svg.png width="240" height="154"]] [[image:25012008563l.jpg width="135" height="180"]]
====The beginning of Indonesian colonization started in 1602 with the creation of the Dutch East Indian Company. This was to protect the merchant ships trading with Indonesia with Dutch warships. By 1799, The Dutch had a firm grip on vital Indonesian territory. The citizens are forced to relinquish their produce to the Dutch merchants. During this time the Hindu kingdom of Mataram (Indonesia) converted to Islam and was led by Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo. Sultan Agung was an enemy of the Dutch. He planed many attacks in Indonesia to try to get the Dutch out. Other leaders in Indonesia like Sultan Hasanuddin of Goa also wanted the Dutch out. He waged a war aginst them in 1666 but was defeted and the state of Goa became a vassal state of the VOC or Dutch East Indain Company. Prince Trunojoyo of Madura also fought back and died in 1680. To make the Dutch's spice monopoly better, the Dutch went around Indonesia burning down peoples clove gardens to prevent overproduction. The Kingdom of Mataram soon saw its downfall after the VOC started dividing it but luckly, because of corruption and mismanagement the VOC went bankrupct. Soon after, all of the territories of Indonesia were taken over by the Dutch administration in Batavia. In 1814 the British came to Indonesia. They built Fort York on the west coast of Sumatra. The British had control of Indonesia during the Nopoleonic wars. The British were much nicer to the Indonesians. They didn't force the Indonesians to surrender their crops and they abolished slave trade. The British also restored some of the temples in Indonesia. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars the British and Dutch signed an agreement on August 13, 1814 stating that all colonial posessoins that Holland had from 1803 onwards would be returned to the Dutch. After this the Dutch intensified their colonial rule causing widespred revolts that were all supressed. Soon Indonesian nationalists found the Boedi Oetomo on May 20, 1908 which was inspired by Japans victory over Russia. The leader of this orgnization was Dr. Soetomo. This orginzation sparked many other groups to start. One group, Sarikat Islam held its first convention in 1916 an made the Dutch create the people's council as a way for Indonesia to self-govern themselves. Unfourtantly this council had almost no power. In 1923 because of econimic conditions and labor strikes the Dutch government put severe restrictions on the freedoms of Indonesia.Between the years of 1922 and 1940 many political groups wre formed and most were scattered and their leaders, exiled. Many revolts that were all put down with ease were also within this time. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, The Japanese went to Southeast Asian countries to conqure them. The Japs invaded the Dutch East Indies and the VOC surrendered in March 1942. The Japanese started a propaganda campaign for the Great East Asia Co-prosperity which was just a cover up for Japanese Imperalism. Because of the preassures of the 4th Pacific war the Japanese gave Indonesia their own flag, Anthem, and Language. Right after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies Indonesia Proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945 and on August 18, 1945 the Constitutaion was adopted as the basic law of the country. Soekarno Became the first President of Indonesia and Mohammad hatta was the first Vice President. ==== 

Media Consultant Holly:


 * Recent History-**
 * On November 10, 1945, fierce fighting broke out between British troops and Indonesian freedom fighters in which the British lost. As a result, the British turned to an all combat from the sea, air and land. The newly-recruited army of the Republic soon realized the superiority of the British forces and withdrew from urban battles. On November 11, 1945, Vice-President Hatta issued a manifesto that outlined the basic policy of the new Republic. On November 14 1945, the new Prime Minister, Sutan Syahrir, introduced a parliamentary system. On December 22, Sutan Syahrir announced Indonesia's acceptance of the British proposal to disarm and confine to internment camps 25,000 Japanese troops throughout the country. This task was successfully carried out by TNI, the Indonesian National Army.
 * the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) attempted another coup on September 30, 1965. The uprising, however, was short and quickly stamped out by the Armed Forces under Major General Soeharto, then Chief of the Army's Strategic Command.Under instructions from General Soeharto, crack troops of the Army's Commando Regiment (RPKAD) freed the central radio station (RRI) and the telecommunication center from communist occupation. Under these explosive conditions, President Soekarno eventually gave in and granted Soeharto full power to restore order and security in the country. The transfer of power was effected by a presidential order known as "the 11th of March order" of 1966. Soon afterwards, on March 12, 1966, General Soeharto banned the PKI. Ever since taking office in 1967, the New Order Government of President Soeharto was determined to return constitutional life by upholding the 1945 Constitution.


 * 1) To complete the restoration of order and security and to establish political stability.
 * 2) To carry out economic rehabilitation.
 * 3) To prepare a plan for national development and execute it with the emphasis on economic development.
 * 4) To end confrontation and normalize diplomatic relations with Malaysia.
 * 5) To rejoin to the United Nations, which Indonesia had quit in January 1965.
 * 6) To consistently pursue an independent and active foreign policy.
 * 7) To resolve the West Irian question.
 * 8) To regain Indonesia's economic credibility overseas.
 * 9) To hold general elections once every five years.

Recent History- 1942- After their attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Japanese forces moved southwards to conquer several Southeast Asian countries. They invaded the Dutch East Indies and the colonial army surrendered in March 1942. Under the pressure of the 4th Pacific war, the Japanese ultimately gave in to allow the red-and-white flag to fly as the Indonesian national flag. Recognition of "Indonesia Raya" as the national anthem and Bahasa Indonesia as the national language followed. 1950- Indonesia joined the United Nations.Transmigrasi policy was introduced(moved poor people to densly populated areas.) 1953-Tin mines of Bangka were nationalized. 1956-Coup d'Etat for Sukarno failed. 1957- Dutch residents were expelled and their property was taking without pay. 1959-The Chinese residents of Indonesia were confined to cities. 1960- Indonesia got foriegn aid from the Soviets. 1963- Sukarno was declared president for life. 1963- British property in Indonesia was nationalized. 1965- The military tried a coup and it was supported by the C.I.A. Sukarno is now not in control 1969- 80,000 Chinese Indonesians lost their Indonesian citizenship. 1970- Constitutional reform. 1975- Indonesian invasion and they now control the Portugese Timor. 1976- Indonesia annexed the East Timor 1998- Suharto resigned and Wahid is the new president. 2002- On June 4, 2000, separatists declared Irian Jaya an independent state. 2002- Bali bombings in Bali.It was the deadlist terrist attack in Indonesia. 2004- A 9.0 earthquake caused a tsumani. 2009-President elections and Yudhoyono was reelected. 

Living Conditions- In Jakarta, you can rent or buy an apartment. Apartment living is a growing field. For a while, a foreinger couldn't buy land but that has changed. The Strata title allows ownership of an apartment in a high rise building. It says that foreigners who reside in Indonesia, or visit the country regularly for business purposes, can purchase a home, apartment or condominium. According to law, a foreigner can't own land in Indonesia. Many people do rent houses. Some people live in villages but others live in more expensive houses. Affects of Imperialism- Indonesia still has to pay off debts.Before Imperialsim, the people were taught that education wasn not important but now it is a priority.

Politics- Indonesia was granted independence on August 17,1945. The day after Indonesia was granted independence, the president divided it into 8 provinces. On the 31st a new government was introduced. The president is elected for a 5 year term and they are the top of the gorvernment. In 2004, for the firts time, the president was elected by popular vote. Befor the Peoples Consultative Assembly (MPR) elected the president and vice president.

Society- Indonesia is the 4th most populated country. It also has the worlds largets population of muslims. SInce they were granted independence, their percent of people in school increased. In their Constitution, it states "Every citizen has the right to obtain education where the government is to provide a national education system governed by law." Before independence, less than 5% of indonesinas had an education and could read. No 94.6% of the population are in a primary school and 54.8% are in secondary school.

Economy- Before the financial crisis in 1997, the Indonesian economy was a highly successful economy. It was growing fast. The crisis led to many political reforms. Today Indonesia suffers from a weak banking system. They have a bad relationship with the International Monetery Fund. The IMF oversees the global financial system. Indonesia has a problem with poverty and unemployment.Also today, Indonesia has a market -based economy. 

**Ordinary Citizen Living under imperialism-**

My name is Gema Suparmanputra child of Suparman and Wulandari. I was born on December 18th, 1582 in Bandung, a city in the West Java providence of Indonesia. I was born in Bandung and lived there until I was about 17 then I moved out of my house and lived on the streets for about a year, doing odd jobs here and there for barely any pay. I decided that I wanted to go back to school and so over the months I saved up enough money to pay for a year of junior college. I attended Pajajaran State University in Bandung. After my year of college I happened to find a job in a local bakery, cleaning floors for about $1.98 Rupiahs per day. By the time I had turned 20, the Dutch East India Company, who I thought were just a bunch of harmless traders, started establishing themselves in our country. They tried to use them to protect their trading ships from attacks. Supposedly Indonesian “pirates” had been attacking and looting some of the Dutch trading ships when they first got here. Two years later, the Dutch had started taking control of our cities. They started in Banten, which is near my old home in northwest Java. After they had been here for a while, the Dutch said they wanted our natural resources so they could profit from them. They took our pepper, rubber, tea, sugar and petroleum to help finance the industrialization of the Netherlands. The Dutch made us pay full taxes while they only paid 20% of the same taxes themselves. They used our tax money to help fund their military so they could conquer more islands like ours. The Dutch also took most of our products that were grown from our farms. When I was younger, my parents would always talk about all of the new Dutch settlers that would frequently visit our city and move into our towns near by. They always would always set up shops and trading posts, sell any thing from exotic foods to little pocket knives. I always used to enjoy watching all the new settlers come off of the ships at the docks, with my friends. My parents would always yell at me when ever I got caught at the docks. When I got older, about 13, I got a job down there by the docks. I worked for an old Dutch man named Teunis Ganesvoort. I didn’t have a specific job. I mainly just tried to figure out what he was trying to tell me to do. Mostly he would make me watch his fish trading stand. Teunis never paid that well either. Sometimes he would not pay me at all. As the months passed, everyday I worked there I tried to pick up on this new, strange language he spoke. I heard the language every day of my life for about 7 months. Eventually I learned how to speak Dutch. However, speaking Dutch wasn’t the only thing I learned. Watching Teunis sell his fish taught me many things. It taught me how to sell, how to trade, how manage a fish stand. I learned many things from that fish stand that have always helped me throughout my years.

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